A closer look at the evidence
Small molecules.
Thoughtful science.
Explore peptide science through clear research notes. Understand what studies found, how they were designed, and where the evidence ends.
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What are peptides?
A short introduction to amino-acid chains, biological signals, and the questions researchers ask.
A thoughtful way to read the evidence
Study models, measured outcomes, and uncertainty: the essentials of reading a research paper.
Adamax and Semax: separating the evidence
Research on a parent peptide cannot establish the properties of a modified analogue.
AHK-Cu in hair-follicle models
A 2007 experiment examined AHK-Cu in cultured dermal papilla cells and isolated human hair follicles.
What copper-hypersensitivity reviews actually cover
Two reviews discuss the clinical and experimental literature on copper sensitization.
AMPK research: AICAR and cellular energy signaling
Experiments in isolated rat muscle investigated how AICAR-related AMPK activation affected fatty-acid and glucose oxidation.
AOD-9604 and lipid metabolism in mice
Two mouse studies examined AOD-9604 and metabolic measurements such as fat oxidation and body-weight change.
ARA-290: a clinical study of small nerve fibers
A blinded, placebo-controlled study examined ARA-290 in people with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve-fiber loss.
Vitamin B12: biochemical context and evidence
Clinical reviews describe vitamin B12's role in cellular metabolism and the diverse causes and manifestations of deficiency.
BPC-157: reading the preclinical literature
The BPC-157 literature includes experiments on tendon-related cells and rodent injury models, alongside narrative reviews of gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal research.
Bronchogen in an experimental lung model
A rat experiment investigated Bronchogen in a model of obstructive lung pathology induced by nitrogen-dioxide exposure.
Cagrilintide–semaglutide: interpreting clinical endpoints
Published trials investigated the combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes.